An Introduction to Ecotourism

Ecotourism is broadly defined as low impact travel to endangered and often undisturbed locations. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas — both in terms of the physical landscape and cultural characteristics, and often provides funds for conservation and benefits the economic development of places that are frequently impoverished. When Did Ecotourism Start? Ecotourism and other forms of sustainable travel have their origins with the environmental movement of the 1970s. Ecotourism itself did not become prevalent as a travel concept until the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness and a desire to travel to natural locations as opposed to built up tourist locations made ecotourism desirable. Since then, several different organizations specializing in ecotourism have developed and many different people have become experts on it. Martha D. Honey, PhD, a co-founder of the Center for Responsible Tourism, for example, is just one of many ecotourism experts. Principles of Ecotourism Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Most of these are not truly ecotourism, however, because they do not emphasize conservation, education, low impact travel, and social and cultural participation in the locations being visited. Therefore, to be considered ecotourism, a trip must meet the following principles set forth by the International Ecotourism Society: Minimize the impact of visiting the location (i.e.- the use of roads)Build respect and awareness for the environment and cultural practicesEnsure that the tourism provides positive experiences for both the visitors and the hostsProvide direct financial aid for conservationProvide financial aid, empowerment and other benefits for local peoplesRaise the travelers awareness of the host countrys political, environmental and social climate Examples of Ecotourism Opportunities for ecotourism exist in many different locations worldwide and its activities can vary as widely. Madagascar, for instance, is famous for its ecotourist activity as it is a biodiversity hotspot, but also has a high priority for environmental conservation and is committed to reducing poverty. Conservation International says that 80% of the countrys animals and 90% of its plants are endemic only to the island. Madagascars lemurs are just one of many species that people visit the island to see. Because the islands government is committed to conservation, ecotourism is allowed in small numbers because education and funds from the travel will make it easier in the future. In addition, this tourist revenue also aids in reducing the countrys poverty. Another place where ecotourism is popular is in Indonesia at Komodo National Park. The park is made up of 233 square miles (603 sq km) of land that is spread out over several islands and 469 square miles (1,214 sq km) of water. The area was established as a national park in 1980 and is popular for ecotourism because of its unique and endangered biodiversity. Activities at Komodo National Park vary from whale watching to hiking and accommodations strive to have a low impact on the natural environment. Finally, ecotourism is also popular in Central and South America. Destinations include Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guatemala, and Panama. These destinations are just a few where ecotourism is popular but opportunities exist in hundreds of more places worldwide. Criticisms of Ecotourism Despite the popularity of ecotourism in the above-mentioned examples, there are several criticisms of ecotourism as well. The first of these is that there is no one definition of the term so it is difficult to know which trips are truly considered ecotourism. In addition, the terms nature, low impact, bio, and green tourism are often interchanged with ecotourism, and these do not usually meet the principles defined by organizations like the Nature Conservancy or the International Ecotourism Society. Critics of ecotourism also cite that increased tourism to sensitive areas or ecosystems without proper planning and management can actually harm the ecosystem and its species because the infrastructure needed to sustain tourism such as roads can contribute to environmental degradation. Ecotourism is also said by critics to have a negative impact on local communities because the arrival of foreign visitors and wealth can shift political and economic conditions and sometimes make the area dependent on tourism as opposed to the domestic economic practices. Regardless of these criticisms though, ecotourism and tourism, in general, are increasing in popularity all over the globe and tourism plays a large role in many worldwide economies. Pick a Travel Company That Specializes In order to keep this tourism as sustainable as possible, however, it is essential that travelers understand what principles make a trip fall into the category of ecotourism and attempt to use travel companies that have been distinguished for their work in ecotourism — one of which is Intrepid Travel, a small company that offers worldwide eco-conscious trips and has won a number of awards for their efforts. International tourism will no doubt continue to increase in the coming years and as the Earths resources become more limited and ecosystems suffer more damage, the practices shown by Intrepid and others associated with ecotourism can make future travel a little more sustainable.

Summary Of My Antonia - 2373 Words

My à ntonia Quotes â€Å"There in the shelter draw-bottom the wind did not blow very hard, but I could hear it singing its humming tune up on a level, and I could see the tall grasses wave.†pg. 14 This quote tells readers how even small things such as the soft blow of the wind can cause many things to happen, such as the humming of the wind and the grass’s movements.It also symbolizes how the world is at peace right now. The tone of this quote is in a describing manner by the details they provide in this quote. These all contribute to helping the reader understand the scene in Jim’s point of view. â€Å"Perhaps we feel like that when we die and become part of something entire, whether it is sun and air, or goodness and knowledge. At any rate, that is happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great. When it comes to one, it comes as naturally as sleep.†pg. 14 This is a theme in this story telling us how real happiness lies with something greater such as knowledge rather than stuff bought. The tone of this quote is very serious to help the reader understand what he is talking about. â€Å"This is reality, whether you like it or not. All those frivolities of summer, the light and shadow, the living mask of green that trembled over everything, they were lies, and this is what was underneath. This is truth.† pg. 112 This quotes tone is very straightforward and it serves as a theme showing how some things are not real. The way this quote is written helps tells the reader that thisShow MoreRelatedSummary Of My Antonia Written By Willa Cather1006 Words    |  5 Pageshistorical drama of My Antonia written by Willa Cather, describes a special bond between Jim and Antonia. Antonia did not struggle with making friends she just was not in the position to gain from taking time to build the bond in her friendships. Antonia goes through a struggle that is would discourage many people, Antonia has to deal with adversity in her life, but fortunately Antonia is blessed with a great man and she also receives love from her strong friendship with Jim. Antonia has a rough experienceRead MoreEssay The Trials and Tribulations of Antonia1737 Words   |  7 Pagesworth the risk? In Willa Cather’s My à ntonia, à ntonia faces struggles as a young child, including language barriers, poverty, harsh living conditions, and her beloved father’s death. However, as à ntonia grows into a woman, she must face struggles of a social nature, such as the division of social and economic classes, as well as social opprobrium. While immigration to America may open many doors for immigrants, it is equally fraught with obstacles. Likewise, à ntonia must face many adversities afterRead MoreMy Antonia Character Analysis1306 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: My Àntonia Author: Willa Cather B. Setting: My Ànotina is set on a prairie in Black Hawk, Nebraska C.Main Characters Jim Burden:Jim is the narrator for most of the novel. He was orphaned at 10 years old when he goes to live with his grandparents on a prairie in Nebraska. Jim distances himself from boys his own age, instead he takes liking to older immigrant girls. He later becomes a successful lawyer in New York City, but he never forgets his childhood friend Àntonia. Àntonia Shimerda:Read MoreAntonias Struggles of Immigration Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesworth the risk? In Willa Cather’s My à ntonia, à ntonia faces struggles as a young child, including language barriers, poverty, harsh living conditions, and her beloved father’s death. However, as à ntonia grows into a woman, she must face struggles of a social nature, such as the division of social and economic classes, as well as social opprobrium. While immigration to America may open many doors for immigrants, it is equally fraught with obstacles. Likewise, à ntonia must face many adversities afterRead MoreThe Trials and Tribulations of Antonia Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pagesworth the risk? In Willa Cather’s My à ntonia, à ntonia faces struggles as a young child, including language barriers, poverty, harsh living conditions, and her beloved father’s death. However, as à ntonia grows into a woman, she must face struggles of a social nature, suc h as the division of social and economic classes, as well as social opprobrium. While immigration to America may open many doors for immigrants, it is equally fraught with obstacles. Likewise, à ntonia must face many adversities afterRead MoreThe Differences And Similarities Of Directional Strategies Between Vanderbilt University Medical Center799 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical center in Nashville, TN and Methodist Healthcare system in San Antonio, TX. Later, I will explain which hospital in these two I preferred based on the organization mission, vision, and value statements. In summary, I talk about my experience with directional strategies with my current employer. Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC)is not for profit hospital. It is a comprehensive academic medical center dedicated to patient care, research, and the education of health care professionalsRead MoreTeaching as an Act of Love1097 Words   |  5 PagesAntonia Darder. Teaching as an Act of Love: Reflections on Paulo Freire and His Contributions to Our Lives and Our Work. Summary: Antonia Darder presents a portrait of why Freire’s work as an educator was so influential in creating an understanding of education as an art. Teaching truly became an art when educators like Freire began to understand the importance of education in the movement of social change. The presence of love in the classroom, the type of love that is lively, forceful, challengingRead MoreSummer Reading2774 Words   |  12 PagesDon’t Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals *12 Dialectical Journal Entries 11th Grade Regular – Reading Assignment 1. Fiction novel: My Antonia by Willa Cather *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass by Fredrick Douglass *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 11AP Language and Composition – Reading Assignment 1. Fiction novel: My Antonia by Willa Cather *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas by FredrickRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesObservation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor Faustus Read MoreChe Guevara2292 Words   |  10 PagesInterpretation and evaluation of all the opinions and facts A. Responding to historians’ and film makers’ opinions B. Convincing the reader the thesis is correct VI. Conclusion A. Summary of main points B. Signal to end Che Guevara The major figure of the Cuban revolution This research paper will explain my point of views on a major revolutionist, Che Guevara. He is being put into two categories on which historians, fans, followers, and politicians have different views and opinions about

Anti Retroviral Drugs For Hiv Essay - 1337 Words

HIV is a virus that affects all parts of the globe. However, there are two major global epidemics. The first being in the west and developing countries. In these areas the pattern of infection is found in certain groups. These groups being â€Å"drug injectors, gay men and prostitutes† (Pisani p. ) This epidemic is known as the â€Å"concentrated epidemic†. This particular pattern HIV spreads rapidly in a concentrated groups. This is because you are most likely to pass on the virus when you are in the first stage of HIV. In a concentrated tight knit group of people who are having several sex partners and sharing needles with others it is easy for the virus to be transmitted. The other epidemic pattern is seen in east and southern Africa as well as some parts of east Africa and the Caribbean. This pattern is also known as â€Å"generalised epidemic†. This pattern is different because HIV is in the general population appose to a concentrated population. 2. There are three different classes of anti-retroviral drugs for HIV: a) The first class of drugs are called the entry inhibitors. The entry inhibitors inhibit the HIV virus to bind to the T helper cells, also called the CD4 T cells. In order for these cells to become infected the virus, the virus has to bind and enter them. If the binding is eliminated therefore the virus can not enter the cell. b) The second is called, integrase inhibitors. Once the virus has entered the host cell, it replicates it’s DNA into the cell. IntegrateShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you areRead MoreDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you areRead MoreAdherence To Health Care Case Study839 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical care when working with clients who have HIV/AIDS because some clients may have trouble adhering to treatment, while others may not have an issue at all. 2. Drug resistance is described as something that occurs when a virus stops responding to a drug. It is important to understand drug resistance when working with clients who have HIV/AIDS because drug resistance can occur at any time during treatment. If therapy does not completely suppress HIV replication, the virus can produce mutationsRead MoreThe Country Of Guatemal Hiv And Aids1249 Words   |  5 Pagesworld are living with HIV and AIDS.1 This virus is something that affects everyone. This disease can be transmitted by the sharing of unclean needless, unprotected sex, and through mothers who have already obtained the virus and pass it on to their newborn babies.2 This problem is widely spread throughout the world and needs to be addressed. There is no true cure to the virus, but as a nation we must work together to change that. The country of Guatemala is affected by HIV and AIDS, and is greatlyRead MoreTesting And Treatment Of Hiv 12811 Words   |  12 Pagesdemonstrated how resistances to certain HIV-1 anti-retrovirals are arising. As presented in the appendix, this specific section will evaluate the results from many randomized control trials (RCTs), case control studies, prospective cohort studies with and without controls, retrospective cohort studies with and without controls and cross-sectional studies. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: HIV-1 integrase is one of the key enzymes required for the successful replication of HIV-1 and is often a common therapeuticRead MoreThe s Perspective On Hiv Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesEpidemiologist Perspective on HIV Epidemiologist: This role involves learning about the pattern and incidence of how the disease is transmitted and works to help find community prevention solutions. The portals of entry for HIV: skin via Injection or trauma, mucous membranes of mouth, penis, vagina and rectum during sexual activity, placenta to child during pregnancy. Portals of exit: blood, semen, pre-ejaculate, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Reservoirs: human blood, semen and vaginal secretionsRead MoreThe Toxicity Effects Of Stavudine ( D4t )1380 Words   |  6 Pageshepatocytes during HIV therapy. Introduction Since the outbreak of HIV/AIDS, an estimated 78 million people have acquired HIV and has killed approximately 39 million people infected with the virus. The prognosis of the epidemic has continued to vary from different countries and according to global statistics; 35 million people in 2013 were living with HIV/AIDS. 2.5 million People per annum acquire the virus and 1.5 million die of AIDS. Inspite of the drastic transmission of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, theRead MoreEffective Gene Delivery And Its Effects On Hiv987 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer approach to treat HIV-1 infections globally. Many transgenes have been identified to inhibit in vitro HIV-1 infections. As drug resistant HIV-1 is increasingly common even with patients receiving HAART, designing drug treatment methods have been challenging. Therefore, investigation into new therapeutic approaches should continue. Gene delivery plays an important supporting role developing potential therapies directed towards HIV-1 infections . The goals of the anti-HIV-1 gene therapy are toRead MoreInformational Brochure Paper on Anti Retroviral Therapy639 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Treatment development focused on limiting the virus ability to transcribe and replicate copies of itself within the host cell. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme coded by the virus RNA. Reverse transcriptase (RT) allows the RNA to make a functioning DNA copy that is inserted into the host cell DNA and begin manufacturing copies of new viral RNA identical to the strands in the initial viron. RT is found only in retroviruses and focus on AIDS treatment has been onRead MoreThe Continuing Threat of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus603 Words   |  2 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS, the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Over 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV, and almost a fifth of HIV infected Americans are unaware of their status. Even though there have been key enhancements in the prevention and treatment of HIV, we continue to see too many new HIV infections accompanied by many AIDS deaths. Nearly every HIV infected person will ultimately develop and die from AIDS, if the

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay - 1171 Words

Would you change your school? Would you go to a private school instead of a public school? Or to a public school instead of a private school? Private and public education is different in many ways such as their performance, enrollment, and the overall education taught but yet they have somewhat similar teachers. Students’ performance in public and private schools differ a lot. Private schools often have better grades and test scores. It is proven that kids who go to a public school and attend a private school perform better (Williams 17). Student performance varies but the advantage would probably have to go to the private schools. Teachers in private and public schools are similar yet have some differences. There are†¦show more content†¦So, more than likely the way teachers are paid probably does not really affect the way they teach. The enrollment in public and private schools is much different. The amount of kids in a school/classroom is going to effect the way the kids learn. The less kids in a class probably the better their going to do. While the more kids enrolled in school the worse the kids are probably going to do. Public schools usually have 300-599 students enroll (Klieg 22). They have an average of 527 kids per a school (Klieg 22). Where Private schools enroll below 300 kids and have an average of 190 kids per a school (Klieg 22). Enrollment has gone up slowly with about 46.8 million kinds in public schools and about 5.9 million kids in private schools (Klieg 21). The enrollment in schools will probably still continue to rise. The overall education in both public and private schools could drastically be improved. There are many things that people could do to improve education. For instance one way to improve private education is to make them have to take certain tests. As stated by Mary Williams â€Å"No State requires private schools to take the same tests as public schools (Williams 62).† So therefore there is the public schools like in Missouri for example; where they must take the MAP tests and such other tests, while the private schools are just sitting around doing the normal routine. No, these tests aren’t for aShow MoreRelatedPrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat private school is more expensive than public school, but has it ever occurred to you why it is like this? Private schools are not just trying to take your money, they are just trying to provide a quality education, without the government funding that public schools get. The tuition money goes to very important things; high quality teachers, better resources and the overall quality and stability of the institution. It is true that private school tuition is expensive, but private schools haveRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of private schools they often think of a quality of education that cannot be found in a public school. Private school education is thought of to be so thorough and innovative that public vouchers are given to individuals just to attend. Many parents could rest easier at night if their kids could attend private school because for generations it has been drilled into the psyche of many that going to private school is a sure way to have a good future. In actuality however, private schools are notRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1428 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in private schools, which almost represents the fifth of students in Saudi Arabia. Although a lot of families prefer to make their children study i n private school, that does not mean they are completely satisfied about the schools’ quality and their children’ achievement (Al-Hagbani, 2013). Nevertheless, they still enroll their children in private schools, believing they will benefit more from studying in private schools than public schools. In addition, some parents believe that private schoolsRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1207 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction of the Topic Private schools differ from public schools for many different reasons. The major difference is that the government, unlike private schools that are privately funded, funds public schools. Another difference would be that the private schools have more flexibility on what they can teach because the government does not fund them. One other difference that is very prevalent is the social goals of schooling. This topic is a very important issue that many parents struggle withRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools998 Words   |  4 Pagesnation. People today might say that private schools are superior to public schools, saying that they are safer and a better environment to learn in. Some might say that a private school is a way of sheltering your child and not letting them experience opportunities and face many problems to learn from. There are many positives and negatives to both sides; it mainly depends on whom you are talking to. Some parents might want their child to go to a pri vate school because the class size is smaller andRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools1027 Words   |  4 Pagesare things to consider before choosing to send your child to a public school or private school. Perhaps doing so would be much easier if you would take the time to research the differences between the two. Public schools are better than private schools because of the diversity, funding and extracurricular activities available. Eileen Gale Kugler, a national advocate for diverse schools, wrote an article about how the diversity in schools makes academic and social improvements. She recalls a memoryRead More Private Schools vs. Public Schools870 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing between a public or a private school for one’s education is as important as deciding where to invest one’s hard-earned money—the consequences influence one’s life forever. In the United States, it is the law for every child to be educated. However, the decision as to where to go for one’s education is up to each individual. There is a great deal of debate as to which is the better option: for-profit private schools or one’s local public school. Ultimately, the decision is made regardingRead MorePrivate Schools vs. Public Schools 1081 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever attended a private institution? What was your experience like? Think back and compare it to your ideal public school, which on e happens to pale in comparison? Public schools, which are controlled by the government, and heavily influenced, by politicians and privateers, hurt your children, not allowing them to reap the full benefits of their growing mind. â€Å"Our schools have been scientifically designed to prevent over-education from happening. The average American [should be] contentRead MorePrivate School Vs. Public School1254 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Private school students are more likely to have a better viewpoint in learning, a firm stance in education, and will be more successful in colleges than of public school students. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: According to NCES data, 88 percent of private high school students apply to college, compared to 57 percent of public high school students. Every day parents contemplate whether to send their children to private or public school. There are many dangers that come with public schoolRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools921 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s education, parents want the best the school has to offer their children. Parents want a prosperous future for their child which is not only health, but a well-educated one. Education is of the utmost importance especially because it will impact the child the most in the long run. Private schools offer ample education opportunities. There are some factors to consider when choose a private school education over a public one. Many times, the private schools are religious are having certain beliefs

Case Study Of Of Mr. Rathin Bhai Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Parkinson Disease Of Mr. Rathin Bhai. Answer: Introduction Clinical reasoning cycle is a tool used by healthcare professionals in Australia. This tool helps the nurse in assisting their treatments of the patients by helping them in clinical reasoning, clinical judgement, problem solving as well as decision making and critical thinking (Dalton Gee and Levett-Jones 2015). By this process the nurse mainly follows sequential pattern of collecting cues about the patient, processing the information coming to an understanding of the patient. It also helps the patient to plan and implement interventions followed by evaluation of the outcomes and then reflecting on the procedure to develop skill and knowledge (Hnter and Arthur 2016). This assignment would thereby show a how a nurse can use the cycle effectively to handle a case of Parkinson diseases effectively and how a sequential procedure helped her to provide e better quality life to the patient. Patients information This step mainly helps the nurse to describe as well as list different facts about the patient. Mr.Ratin Bhai is an 87 year old man who is a widower as his wife has passed away a year ago he has migrated from India to Australia before 1946 and is residing in a two storey house on the superannuation which he has self managed to this day. He has no children. However he has a brother named Niraj and his family lives close by. However he does not want them to bother due to the recent tremor he is facing in his regular life. This is creating issues for his daily activities like cooking food, making cup of tea, doing buttons and others. He has hypothyroids which affected him 4 years ago. However, it is well managed by proper medication. Collection of cues This step mainly helps the nurse to review his current information, gathering new information about the patient and then recalling knowledge in order to understand the patients information. Mr. Ratin Bhai is an old man who is performing all his activities by himself. At such age, old men are highly vulnerable to development of tremor like symptoms as this age often project them to the chance of developing Parkinsons disease. The GP has asked the nurse to check that whether he is having the correct medication is because researchers have seen that when patients do not report hypoglycaemia properly with medication, it may lead to hand tremors. It is very essential to check out that whether he is taking the thyroid medication properly or whether his symptoms of hand tremors are the results of improper hypothyroid medication (Weerkamp et al. 2014) Process information This step mainly involves interpreting and analysing the data which is collected from the signs and symptoms discriminate and distinguish relevant information from the irrelevant information. This is then followed by relating, inferring from the opinions and then matching them with the patient situation and thereby predicting outcome (Kovisto et al. 2016). It is found that the patient is correctly maintaining his medication. His issues with the hand tremor is worsening day by day and this gradual worsening of the symptoms suggest that he is gradually affected by a different disorder and not by improper medication,. By relating thenursing knowledge, the nurse should try to match the knowledge of symptoms of different diseases and relate the present symptom of the patient with her knowledge (Safarpour et al. 2015). As people age, a large number of them face symptoms like slight tremor or shaking of their limbs, finger, thumb , hand and others, change of handwritings, loss of the sensat ion of smell, issues in sleeping procedures, issues in moving and walking, constipation, low or soft voice, dizziness and others. These are all the symptoms of Parkinson diseases. It is found by the nurse that the patient suffers from symptoms of los of mobility and hand tremor which are very similar to that of Parkinsons diseases. Hence, it can be concluded that Mr. Bhai is suffering from the disorder of Parkinson. Identification of problems When a patient suffers from Parkinson disease, it is seen that certain nerve cells of the brain called neurons gradually undergo destruction and break down or may die (Liaou et al. 2016). Loss of these neurons result in the les production or abnormal production of an important chemical messenger called dopamine. Due to lowering down of the dopamine levels, it is seen that there is also occurrence of abnormal brain activity. These lead to different symptoms of Parkinsons diseases. The main risk factors that lead to the occurrence of such a disorder is the age. It manly begins in middle age or late age and the risk increases with age. As the patient is quite aged in the case study, there is high possibility that he is affected by Parkinson disorder (Kuipr et al. 2016). Another important risk factor that matches with the patient condition is sex. Males are more prone to develop the disorder than females and therefore it is of high chance that the patient is suffering from this disorder only. In the present day, no specific test exists which would help in diagnosing the condition of patient on specifically. Here the healthcare professional needs to be trained in nervous system conditions to diagnose the medical history, a review of the different signs and symptoms as well as different neurological and physical symptoms to finalise on the occurrence of the disorder. Imaging tests such as MRI, ultrasound of the brain as well as PET and Scan can be conducted for differential diagnosis in order to cut out the chance of developing any other neurological disorders (Ahlskog, 2014). On diagnosis of this disorder, cabidopa-levodopa is given so that the patients getting relief from the symptoms confirm the presence of the Parkinson disorder in him. Setting of goals The main symptom that are noticed in the patient which needs to be addressed by the nurse in order to provide care to the patient is the symptom of than tremor which is making him unable to perform different activities. Secondly, it is also important to maintain his movements and locomotion as his restricted mobility is interrupting his hobbies of tour and resulting in poor quality life (Skelly et al. 2015). Therefore the primary goal is to help him maintain the symptom of hand tremors so that his, life becomes easy and he can conduct different activities with as much independence as possible. The second goal would be to develop his mobility so that he can travel properly and conduct different activities which would help him to be free from restrictions and enjoy love independently without anyones help (Landi et al. 2014). Taking actions In order to provide the right interventions to the patient who is in the initial stage of Parkinson diseases, evidence based practices should be followed by the nurses so the best outcomes are observed in the patient. For developing the mobility of the person, the nurse should first instruct the patient with techniques that would initiate movement. This is because rocking form side to side would help him to start leg movement (Caning et al. 2015). The nurse should also instruct him to concentration his Walking with an erect position with the use of a wide based gait. A conscious effort must be made to develop the swinging of the arms, raising the felt while walking, using a heel toe placement of the feet with long strides. The patient should be also instructed to perform daily exercise which will in turn help in increasing the muscle strength as well as helping in walking, riding a stationary bike, gardening and also swimming. This will prevent any sort of contractures which may resu lt when; muscles are not used extensively over a period of time. It will also help in coordination and dexterity. Moreover the patient should be also instructed to undertake exercise and walking programs which will ultimately help in delaying the progress of the disease (Martinex and Gonsalez 2014). The patient should be also taught to sit on chairs which have back rest and arm rest. This will help him in rising form a sitting position as well as prevention of falls. The other intervention would have to instruct the patient to raise the head out of the bed and making position changes slowly. The patient should be also taught to dangle the legs few times before standing. He should also avoid dehydration and thereby maintain adequate dietary salt. These will help to reduce orthostatic hypotension. The nurse may also instruct him to take warm baths and massages which would help in relaxing muscles spasm which accompany rigidity. He should also be referred to physical therapist. For the development of hand tremors, the arms should be maintained as close as possible to the body as possible. The more the proximal stability and input which are provided to the affected arms of the patient, it would be more helpful for minimise of the tremors during different functional activities. The patients should be instructed to stabilise the arms on the surface when working. He should eliminate multi-working. Often standing and working creates difficulty and when such work is done in a sitting position, it enables the body to better manage the tremors (Shin and Haberman 2017). Besides, to control tremor as well as rigidity, pharmacologic management is very important but care should be taken that it does not lead to drug toxicity. Stresses should also be maintained. Evaluation of outcomes In order to develop an idea about how the patient is being benefitted from the interventions, it is very important for the nurse to evaluate the effects of the interventions. The patient would be given a time frame of a fortnight to undertake the interventions as educated by the nurse (Gage et al. 2014). Then the patient should be then asked for another visit where the nurse would come into the discussion of how effectively he could carry out the interventions and what were the problems faced by him. Moreover, he will also be diagnosed for the development of the symptoms. If no effective result is got, the nurse would modify her interventions accordingly to achieve the best health for the patient (Tan et al. 2014). Reflection: While handling the patient, I was effective in diagnosing the disorder of the patient. I was correctly able to link the symptoms with the disorder and also conducted differential diagnosis to rule out the symptoms of the disorders. Moreover the clinical reasoning cycle had made the entire procedure much easier as it helped in the sequential analyses of the cases and also helps in providing interventions successfully. However, my knowledge of the way of applying evidence based knowledge helped me to correctly find the right interventions which are in lieu with the modern day interventions and also helped the patient in developing the quality life of the patient. However, this experience would help me in further endeavours with patients of the same disorder and helped me to gather experiences that helped me to develop my modern skills. Conclusion: Form he entire case scenario, it is seen that the patient is in the primary stage of Parkinson diseases. The patient also has hypoglycaemia, but the symptoms are well managed. The main issue faced by the patient is the occurrence of hand tremors and also his immobility which are affecting the quality of his life. After properly relating the patients symptoms with the knowledge acquired by the nurse in her practices, she first realised that he was suffering from Parkinson disorders. Following these, goals were set followed by appropriate interventions that helps him to overcome restrict td mobility and hand tremor symptoms. The nurse should also evaluate properly the outcomes and then reflect to gather knowledge from the practices and ensuring her skills. A nurse who follows the clinical reasoning cycle would be able to handle every adverse disorder properly and emerge out victorious in providing the patient with better quality life. References: Ahlskog, J.E., 2014, July. Parkinson disease treatment in hospitals and nursing facilities: avoiding pitfalls. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 89, No. 7, pp. 997-1003). Elsevier. Canning, C.G., Sherrington, C., Lord, S.R., Close, J.C., Heritier, S., Heller, G.Z., Howard, K., Allen, N.E., Latt, M.D., Murray, S.M. and O'Rourke, S.D., 2015. Exercise for falls prevention in Parkinson disease A randomized controlled trial.Neurology,84(3), pp.304-312. Dalton, L., Gee, T. and Levett-Jones, T., 2015. Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), p.29. Gage, H., Grainger, L., Ting, S., Williams, P., Chorley, C., Carey, G., Borg, N., Bryan, K., Castleton, B., Trend, P. and Kaye, J., 2014. Specialist rehabilitation for people with Parkinsons disease in the community: a randomised controlled trial. Hunter, S. and Arthur, C., 2016. Clinical reasoning of nursing students on clinical placement: Clinical educators' perceptions.Nurse education in practice,18, pp.73-79. Koivisto, J.M., Multisilta, J., Niemi, H., Katajisto, J. and Eriksson, E., 2016. Learning by playing: A cross-sectional descriptive study of nursing students' experiences of learning clinical reasoning.Nurse education today,45, pp.22-28. Kuiper, R., Pesut, D.J. and Arms, T.E., 2016.Clinical reasoning and care coordination in advanced practice nursing. Springer Publishing Company. Landi, F., Dell'Aquila, G., Collamati, A., Martone, A.M., Zuliani, G., Gasperini, B., Eusebi, P., Lattanzio, F. and Cherubini, A., 2014. Anticholinergic drug use and negative outcomes among the frail elderly population living in a nursing home.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,15(11), pp.825-829. Liou, S.R., Liu, H.C., Tsai, H.M., Tsai, Y.H., Lin, Y.C., Chang, C.H. and Cheng, C.Y., 2016. The development and psychometric testing of a theory?based instrument to evaluate nurses perception of clinical reasoning competence.Journal of advanced nursing,72(3), pp.707-717. Martnez-Gonzlez, N.A., Djalali, S., Tandjung, R., Huber-Geismann, F., Markun, S., Wensing, M. and Rosemann, T., 2014. Substitution of physicians by nurses in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC health services research,14(1), p.214. Safarpour, D., Thibault, D.P., DeSanto, C.L., Boyd, C.M., Dorsey, E.R., Racette, B.A. and Willis, A.W., 2015. Nursing home and end-of-life care in Parkinson disease.Neurology,85(5), pp.413-419. Shin, J.Y. and Habermann, B., 2017. Nursing Research in Parkinsons Disease From 2006 to 2015: A Systematic Review.Clinical nursing research,26(2), pp.142-156. Skelly, R., Brown, L., Fakis, A. and Walker, R., 2015. Hospitalization in Parkinson's disease: a survey of UK neurologists, geriatricians and Parkinson's disease nurse specialists.Parkinsonism related disorders,21(3), pp.277-281. Tan, S.B., Williams, A.F. and Kelly, D., 2014. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary interventions to improve the quality of life for people with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,51(1), pp.166-174. Weerkamp, N.J., Tissingh, G., Poels, P.J., Zuidema, S.U., Munneke, M., Koopmans, R.T. and Bloem, B.R., 2014. Parkinson disease in long term care facilities: a review of the literature.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,15(2), pp.90-94.

Integrating Competitive Intelligence Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Competitive Intelligence Management. Answer: Introduction An ancient saying has it that "you cannot solve an impasse if you do not understand the causes of the problem." Luckily with the modern tools and techniques of management science, problem identification and the solutions are never far off (Lawrence 2012). CHEMS Ltd. has adopted a set of processes that take up to four months from when an order is placed with the company to the time the last container is delivered to the client. While on one hand, the processes that take almost a third of a year to implement will work diligently for an entity working in a monopolized market, on the other hand, it may be an uphill task for a company like CHEMS Ltd operating in a competitive market (Freeman 2010). To be able to comprehend fully the company operations let's delve into its operations: CHEMS Ltd has four processes. Firstly, the customer places an order with the company. The company examines the orders and may decide to go ahead and process the order or decline that order altogether. Only a minuscule 0.1percent of orders are declined. Secondly, the company procures the materials to be used to process the order and this may take up to 9 weeks to accomplish. Thirdly, the production of the chemical begins and is overseen by three managers. Lastly, the company orders packaging containers which are delivered in two weeks. The finished chemicals are then packaged and delivered to clients. The production process entails three middle-level production managers who control the manufacture of chemical for CHEMS Ltd. The managers, however, do not have control on the input mix during the production process. The production process begins when materials have been sourced by the procurement section. The production managers make adjustments required for the final product required by the client without making an alteration to the inputs. They also manage quality control, and the production process including quality control takes a month. Decision-making structure and process Decision making at CHEMS Ltd. is a continuous process. The first decision made is whether to manufacture a clients order or not depending on the quotation. Overall, 0.1 percent of the orders placed by the clients are not processed. Once it has been decided that clients product can be manufactured, sourcing of raw materials begins. A price list and quotations are sourced from three suppliers. The raw materials are bought from the supplier with the lowest quotation which is a general rule followed by procurement divisions globally (Siqueira 2017). After the purchase of raw materials, decisions are made during the production process and quality control. When the final product has been manufactured decisions on packaging are made and orders placed for containers to package the product. From the many logistics companies involved, a choice is made on who will deliver the product to the client through competitive bidding (Arbin 2008). According to Errasti (2016), it is crucial for managers to provide regular reports during the production process. At CHEMS Ltd, senior managers present their reports weekly on the production process detailing the cost of the batch, weekly profits, and the sales volume. The chief accountant makes the decisions on product mixes, quality of material inputs and general project changes with approval from senior managers. The decision-making structure can thus be summarized to involve choosing of clients, ordering of chemicals, negotiations for pricing, manufacturing of the product, approvals from chief accountant, quality control, sourcing for packaging materials and lastly choice of logistics company to deliver the product to the client within the agreed time to avoid loss of business (Engell 2008). The process is as illustrated in the figure below. Analysis of the Key Challenges Facing the Senior Managers of CHEMS Ltd The production reports do not help senior managers in decision making. One of the greatest challenge facing the senior managers as employees is that the e-mail system not friendly. They hardly read the emails which they see as a hindrance (Price 2015). The information system is not automated. For this reason, every time they are required to produce reports required for decision-making, they have to do it manually. The resultant reports end up taking a lot of time and are prone to human errors which may lead to poor decisions (Mclellan 2017). Does CHEMS Ltd Reflect a High Level of Competency in Provision of Information to its Senior Managers and its IS System? CHEMS Ltd does not reflect a high level of competency in its provision of information to its senior managers. The decision support system is not synchronized with their reports (Yang 2008). Many companies have sophisticated decision support systems that link up all the processes within the organization to enable candid analysis of the organizational performance (Yin 2015). However, this is not present at CHEMS Ltd. The senior managers are frustrated by the system and are prone to make errors of judgment during manual transfer of reports (Rajagopal 2014) A synchronized system such as an enterprise resource planning would be very useful here (Rouse 2017). According to Barbaro (2008), the ideal information management system links all the companies operations such that it can assist in quick and accurate decision-making. It should also provide real-time data based on the past and present trends to be able to make future decisions while accounting for risks and uncertainties (Reuvid 2014). Finally, it should be interactive, easy to use and involve all players in the company and provide reports filtered reports for effective decision-making (Raza 2015). From the foregoing, the information management system at CHEMS Ltd does not meet the minimum parameters. Another challenge faced by senior management is in terms of lack of decision support system. This is manifest in numerous meetings that end up taking a lot of time to make decisions. This would have been simplified if duties were delegated to junior managers and teamwork from the three project teams with a portal to share company progress reports (Rajagopal 2014). According to Power (2010), decision support system can offer senior management comfort and reliability while making top decisions. At CHEMS Ltd, job dissatisfaction from the senior managers is partly due to the frustration they experience with their information management system and decision support system. They end up having hostile mind-frames which they may export to junior employees (Topolosky 2016). Lastly, senior managers do not make the last decision as they have to share their reports with the chief account who makes the last decisions with their approval this can be a source of a power struggle in the company (Price 2015). How to change the ordering and production process in CHEMS Ltd. The current production process at CHEMS Ltd depicts numerous areas of wastage and excesses (Azevedo 2013).To start with, the ordering process and choice of the clients takes 2 days for any new order or request from customers to be processed. In addition to that, procurement of chemicals to manufacture the products and the quality control process takes anywhere from 4 weeks to 9 weeks. Moreover, once the supplier for the chemicals has been identified and price negotiation agreed, the production begins in earnest instead of applying Just-In-Time inventory management (Hirano 2009). Further, 4 weeks are required to arrange for packaging and delivery of finished products to the clients which results in time and money wastage (Philip 2007). The ordering and manufacturing processes reveal enormous wastage of resources. Having a price negotiating team of 10 people who only manage to save the company $25,000 per annum is a misuse of human resource that could be utilized elsewhere to make great savings (Azevedo 2013). The information system comprising of the company emailing system and database is largely unutilized by the senior managers who prefer to create reports manually. The senior managers also do not use the company email optimally (Karim 2011) Due to the above-mentioned reasons, if CHEMS Ltd is intent on introducing change to its staff, some of the key areas of change to adhere to would be in time management, procurement management, engineering controls or business process re-engineering, re-order levels, human resources, information system, decision support system and finally inventory management (Saeed, Khan and Ahmad 2013). CHEMS Ltd currently has lots of wastage in terms of production. This can be associated with the 4-month period it takes to manufacture and ship a clients order. For this reason, if processes like choosing clients orders, placing orders for chemical inputs and the manufacturing process were re-engineered, the company could make enormous cost savings (Mohapatra 2013). The operational costs would reduce due to timeliness in placing orders, manufacturing, and distribution of finished products. Instead of paying employees for four consecutive months for one order the changes could result in one month salary or less (Azevedo 2013). Operational cost savings from say changes like automation of processes with information system would mean that CHEMS Ltd would reduce the number of workers doing procurement and other technical duties resulting in cost savings and enhance the profits (Guanglin 2014). Changes introduced in ordering and production processes would lead to more efficient and timely production of finished products. This would mean that CHEMS limited can compete in the market favorably using strategies like Just-in-time production which would attract more clients (Arbin 2008). The company would also enjoy economies of scale by producing quality products at low cost (Philip 2007). This would translate to lower prices than the competitors or rapid response to customer orders which would lead to more market share (Mariotti 2015). Currently, senior managers are dissatisfied with the information system as it is. They struggle to create reports and do not use the company email system. A change in the company processes would lead to better output by the employees and better employee relations (Long 2017). This would, in turn, lead to talent retention and teamwork within CHEMS Ltd (Topoplosky 2016). Better processes lead to less wastage and hence increase the production. Inefficient processes and systems do quite the opposite. With this regard, a small change in the processes at CHEMS Ltd. would lead to more than proportionate change in production at the company (Farrel 2008). If CHEMS Ltd would avail its capacity and requirements to its customers before they make orders, then the company would reduce the time taken to sieve through the orders and choose what orders to manufacture. This is because all the orders would be standardized and none would be requested out of the scope of production by CHEMS Ltd (Philip 2007).This also implies that the selection team would spend less time making their choice and possibly select all clients. Instead of the 2 days taken to select the clients, the process could take less than a day. Currently, the procurement division at CHEMS Ltd has to contact each supplier individually for different chemicals. Since the three suppliers have provided a price list for their products, the company can automate its procurement processes to reduce the time taken by the suppliers to return firm quotes. As a result, the time could be reduced to a maximum of one week in ordering (Guanglin 2014). Currently, CHEMS Ltd produces one order after the other which takes four weeks. The company could re-engineer the production process such that different stages of manufacturing take place concurrently. This would reduce the time taken to a maximum of a week instead of 4 weeks (Mohapatra 2013). Introducing instant quality control from the time materials are ordered to ensuring proper calibration of the machinery would ensure that there are few adjustments by the production managers and that all products conform to set quality standards. This would reduce quality control time from 3 weeks to one week (Hirano 2009). Once the material has been produced, it should be packaged in real time. This would, in turn, ensure that the 2 weeks that are spent ordering for packaging containers are done away with. Ordering for the packaging containers should be done as the product is being manufactured or earlier. Thus when the product is manufactured, it should be packaged immediately into the containers rather than having to wait for the containers to arrive (Philip 2007). Reliable companies with the geographic reach to the clients should be chosen to ensure reliable and safe delivery of the ordered products to the client. The week taken to arrange a courier firm to deliver the products could be done away with if the company outsourced the distribution to reliable supply chain companies (Errasti 2016). A reliable information system such as an enterprise resource planning system (ERP) can be used by the stakeholders of CHEMS Ltd to ensure that all every process is undertaken timely to save on time (Yin 2015). From the time an order is placed by a customer, 1 day is spent analyzing the order and choosing whether or not to manufacture the order. Ordering and procuring of the chemicals used to manufacture the products should take 1 week if the process is automated. Overlapping production and checking for quality control during the process leads to manufacturing the product 2 weeks. Packaging and distribution should take 1 week. The total time taken from the moment an order is placed to the time finished products are delivered to the client should be approximately one month. Information systems are used in organizations to help different groups at different levels of the organization to execute their duties. With this regard, information systems within an organization are deployed in mainly three management levels. The first level management includes senior managers responsible for strategic decisions. The second level management includes the tactical managers while the last level includes operations management such as production managers (Davoren 2016). These are information systems used mostly by the operational managers to transact the business of the company. In an organization like CHEMS Ltd., the production managers could use the transactional processing system to identify the orders placed from the customers to enable them to know how many products to make. Transactional processing systems include point of sale systems, store management systems, inventory or stock management systems and order placement systems as well as payroll systems (Markgraf 2016). The production managers can use the stock control system to manage their products orders and know the recorder levels thus preventing delay when acquiring new stock. The point of sale system could assist in scheduling production to optimize the machinery. Order placement systems could be used to acquire more customers and customize the products made. Payroll system can be used to optimize on the workers required during production (Davoren 2016). This is used by the middle-level managers in an organization to track the trend of their operations and make tactical decisions. They could be standalone systems or could be integrated into the transactional processing system (Karim 2011). Management information systems include budget systems, human resource management systems to monitor the performance of the company personnel and sales management system to track the sales made (Davoren 2016). The middle level or tactical managers at CHEMS Ltd could be interested in knowing the production trends, the sales volume for a particular period of time such as on a weekly basis. They may also like to know the employees turnover to be able to find out if there are any issues affecting workers and decide on rewards and motivation tactics to retain talent as well as identify work stressors affecting employees output(Yang 2008). Sales management system can be linked directly to the transactional processing system to identify the company performance in terms of sales volume. They can inform the tactical or middle management at CHEMS Ltd on the sales progress made in a certain duration. Budge systems can be used to plan the company's future requirements in order to operate effectively (Markgraf 2016). These are sophisticated management information systems currently being used by organizations to track their operations in areas such as human resource, management of suppliers, inventory management, financial management, customer relationship management and so much more in one package. They can be customized according to the needs of the organization. CHEMS Ltd could use this system to track their processes and manage their stakeholders such as suppliers and clients efficiently (Karim 2011). These are modern information systems running on online platforms such as social media, customer relationship management systems, company email among others. They analyze the trends of the company stakeholders and give reports on the needs of users so that the company can exploit the manifest needs to make sales. CHEMS Ltd. can use this system to expand their customer base and create a sustainable competitive advantage (Davoren 2016). According to Yang (2008), DSS are systems used by senior managers in an organization to make strategic decisions about the operations of the company. They are usually linked to internal systems such as management information systems, transactional processing systems and to external sources to enable senior management to understand the strength and weaknesses of the company and opportunities and threats outside the company. These are linked to databases and function on processing large datasets of structured queries. They analyze and filter the database depending on the commands executed. They mainly rely on the company databases to give senior managers information to make informed decisions. CHEMS Ltd can use this system to manage their suppliers and their inventory (Davoren 2016). This class of DSS is linked to the company models in order to the best decision from complex alternatives that a company can make. They use a model such as financial models, accounting models and economic models to decipher the best course of action given many options that a company can make. They use parameters rather than datasets used by data-driven DSS (Yin 2015). CHEMS Ltd can use this system in the analysis of their financial position and future alternatives given uncertainties such as competition, the introduction of new laws on chemical and many other unforeseen risks (Conerly 2015). Also known as intelligence decision support system, this system conducts data mining from the company and outside sources using a specified knowledge or pattern of logic to present the best alternative to myriad options that can be made. The intelligence used could, for instance, be best pricing alternative to competition (Yang 2008). CHEMS Ltd can benefit from this system in trying to seek new markets where the competitive rivalry is fierce or to position itself in a new market where pricing of products is still new. This system is mainly used where the company has many documents and the user wants to retrieve certain information in an unstructured format. They are mainly used to retrieve required information from web pages in much the same way as search engines do (Markgraf 2016). It can be useful to senior managers at CHEMS Ltd in quick preparation of weekly reports for the meeting without resorting to manual methods of making the final touches as they currently do. This system supports groups of users in aiding decision-making through live interaction, sharing of media, communication and electronic mail. It enhances group work and group dynamics that give users more say in the decisions made for the company. This system can improve employee relations at CHEMS Ltd where it is noted that senior managers are in a foul mood after frustrations in using the email and databases. It is good for enhancing teamwork and interaction among employees (Price 2016). Interaction of the different models, databases, management information systems and decision support system can form the executive information systems that employ life interaction of data, infographics and live graphical interface that senior managers and executives at CHEMS Ltd can use to make real-time decisions from an informed angle (Yin 2015). How to change Production Equipment in CHEMS Ltd and choose a scheme As a result of increasing competition from foreign competitors, CHEMS Ltd has to make a strategic choice to change its production process to make it faster, efficient and cost-effective. That way, the company can respond on strategic angles such as rapid response to clients orders, cost leadership, offer premium products that are inimitable by competitors among other strategic options (Freeman 2010). The production equipment can be changed from a technological point of view whereby introduction of an automated system from two suppliers is required for decisions to be made. The decisions have to match cost-effectiveness and the savings made in the long run after the purchase of the automated computer system (Raza 2015). To choose the best approach to sourcing for an automated system from either Taiwan or collaboration with a local university, a decision tree model will be utilized in helping to reveal all the possible outcomes where the best outcome can be chosen (Reuvid 2014). From analysis of the options, either buying system 1 from Taiwan or collaborating with the university the different outcomes are as shown in decision tree model shown below various outcomes are presented and whereas the outcomes may benefit the company in some way, the best outcome that saves the company on the initial outlay expenditure and running cost or one that brings the most proceeds must be chosen (Manktelow, 2017). Recommendation From the outcomes, it is evident that acquiring system 1 from Taiwan would bring the company proceeds of $3Million after subtracting the initial outlay of $2.5 Million. The second option that is collaborating with the university for system 2 would bring proceeds of 4.25M. It is therefore in the best interest that CHEMS Ltd collaborates with the University as it stands to gain more and make proceeds of $1.25Million than if it chose to buy system 1 from Taiwan. The best decision is where the company saves money and operates efficiently in the face of risks and uncertainties (Vollmer, 2015). Conclusion This paper has critically looked at the ordering, production and decision-making process at CHEMS Ltd, a company that manufactures finished products from chemicals. The paper has evaluated the various stakeholders involved in the company including the senior management, the employees, suppliers, and clients. From the ordering and production processes, it was established that the company bears resource wastage, especially on time resource. The paper has established the various ways in which time is wasted and offered alternative methods to the production process. It was established that the company could spend one month in the production process instead of the 4 months it currently takes. 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